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The Mediterranean Lingua Franca or ''Sabir'' was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.〔(''Lingua franca del Mediterraneo'' or ''sabir'' (in Italian), article of Francesco Bruni )〕 ==History== ''Lingua franca'' means "language of the Franks" in Late Latin, and originally referred specifically to the language that was used around the eastern Mediterranean Sea as the main language of commerce.〔(Definition of "Lingua franca" from the Oxford English Dictionary (subscription based); translation is direct from Italian )〕 However, the terms "Franks" and "Frankish" were actually applied to all Western Europeans during the late Byzantine Period. Later, ''lingua franca'' came to mean any contact language. Its other name in the Mediterranean area was ''Sabir'', deriving from a Romance base meaning "to know". Based mostly on Northern Italian languages and Occitano-Romance languages in the eastern Mediterranean area at first, it later came to have more Spanish and Portuguese elements, especially on the Barbary coast (today referred to as the Maghreb). Sabir also borrowed from Berber, Turkish, French, Greek and Arabic. This mixed language was used widely for commerce and diplomacy and was also current among slaves of the bagnio, Barbary pirates and European renegades in pre-colonial Algiers. Historically the first to use it were the Genoese and Venetian trading colonies in the eastern Mediterranean after the year 1000. Hugo Schuchardt (1842–1927) was the first scholar to investigate the Lingua franca systematically. According to the monogenetic theory of the origin of pidgins he developed, Lingua Franca was known by Mediterranean sailors including the Portuguese. When Portuguese started exploring the seas of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a Portuguese-influenced version of Lingua Franca with the local languages. When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese, the crews tried to learn this "broken Portuguese". Through a process of relexification, the Lingua Franca and Portuguese lexicon was substituted by the languages of the peoples in contact. This theory is one way of explaining the similarities between most of the European-based pidgins and creole languages, like Tok Pisin, Papiamento, Sranan Tongo, Krio, and Chinese Pidgin English. These languages use forms similar to ''sabir'' for "to know" and ''piquenho'' for "children". Lingua Franca left traces in present Algerian slang and Polari. There are traces even in geographical names, like Cape Guardafui (that literally means cape "look and escape" in Lingua Franca and ancient Italian). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mediterranean Lingua Franca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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